Educational Outcomes for Foster Youth in Congregate Care
What Professionals Need to Know
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to share the outcomes from the literature of youth residing in congregate care, commonly referred to as group homes. The outcomes for youth in this placement type need improvement, as evidenced by disproportionalities in education, behavior challenges, mental illness, life skills, and other issues faced by children in foster care. The paper provides recommendations for helping professionals in schools on how to respond to the unique needs of this population. It concludes with a discussion of evidenced-based practices to improve educational outcomes for youth living in congregate care.
References
AdoptUSKids. (2017) Getting started: Educating yourself, contacting an agency, and attending an orientation meeting are the first steps toward adopting and/or fostering. Retrieved from http://www.adoptuskids.org/adoption-and-foster-care/how-to-adopt-and-foster/getting-started.
Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2015). Every kid needs a family: Giving children in the child welfare system the best chance for success. Retrieved from http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-EveryKidNeedsAFamily-2015.pdf
Altshuler, S. J. (2003). From barriers to successful collaboration: Public schools and child welfare working together. Social Work, 48(1), 52-63.
American School Counselor Association. (2017). The Role of the School Counselor. Retrieved from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/asca/media/asca/home/rolestatement.pdf
Baker, A. J., & Curtis, P. (2006). Prior placements of youth admitted to therapeutic foster care and residential treatment centers: The odyssey project population. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23(1), 38-60.
Barth, R. P., Greeson, J. K., Guo, S., Green, R. L., Hurley, S., &
Sisson, J. (2007). Outcomes for youth receiving intensive in-home therapy or residential care: a comparison using propensity scores. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 497.
Berrick, J. D., Barth, R. P., & Needell, B. (1994). A comparison of kinship foster homes and foster family homes: Implications for kinship foster care as family preservation. Children and youth services review, 16(1), 33-63.
Bingham, C., Parrish, T., Graczewski, C., Stewart-Teitelbaum, A., Van
Dyke, N., Bolus, S., & Delano, C. (2003). Policies, Procedures and Practices Affecting the Education of Children Residing in Group Homes.
Breland-Noble, A. M., Farmer, E. M., Dubs, M. S., Potter, E., & Burns, B. J. (2005). Mental health and other service use by youth in therapeutic foster care and group homes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 167-180.
Bronstein, L. R. (2003). A model for interdisciplinary collaboration. Social work, 48(3), 297-306.
Busching, R., & Krah
California Department of Social Services. (2015). California
Cederna-Meko, C., Koch, S. M., & Wall, J. R. (2014). Youth with oppositional defiant disorder at entry into home-based treatment, foster care, and residential treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(5), 895-906.
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Mannarino, A. P. (2018). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and families. Psychotherapy Research, 28(1), 47-57.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 165(1), 16
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., ... Petkova, E. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 167(8): 915
Greenberg, M. T., Weissberg, R. P., O'Brien, M. U., Zins, J. E.,
Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., & Elias, M. J. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American psychologist, 58(6-7), 466.
Crandal, B. R., Martin, J. K., Hazen, A. L., & Rolls Reutz, J. A. (2019). Measuring collaboration across children
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ser0000302
Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & Lansford, J. E. (2006). Deviant Peer Influences in Intervention and Public Policy for Youth. Social Policy Report. Volume 20, Number 1. Society for Research in Child Development.
Gibbel, D. S. (2014). The Relationship Between Child Protection Workers and School Social Workers. https://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1318&context=msw_papers
Gudi
Hodas, G. R. (2006). Responding to childhood trauma: The promise and practice of trauma informed care. Pennsylvania Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, 1- 77.
James, S. (2011). What works in group care?
Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Ormhauga, S. M., Egeland, K., Granly, L., Hoaas, L. C., Hukkelberg, S. S., Indregard, T., Stormyren, S. D., & Larsen, W. T. (2013). A randomized effectiveness study comparing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with therapy as usual for youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 0(0), 1
Jonson-Reid, M., Kim, J., Barolak, M., Citerman, B., Laudel, C., Essma, A., & Thomas, C. (2007). Maltreated children in schools: The interface of school social work and child welfare. Children & Schools, 29(3), 182-191.
Knutsen, M., & Jensen, T. K. (2019). Changes in the trauma narratives of youth receiving trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Psychotherapy Research, 29(1), 99-111.
Ladderud, S., Crabtree, A., Randall, M., Swinth, Y., & Watling, R. (2018). School-based tier II and III RtI interventions for children aged 3
Lavallee, K. L., Bierman, K. L., & Nix, R. L. (2005). The impact of first-grade
Leathers, S. J. (2006). Placement disruption and negative placement outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care: The role of behavior problems. Child abuse & neglect, 30(3), 307-324.
Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. (2008). Comparing outcomes for youth in treatment foster care andfamily-style group care. Children and Youth Services Review,30(7), 746-757.
Lee, B. R., Bright, C. L., Svoboda, D. V., Fakunmoju, S., & Barth, R. P. (2011). Outcomes of group care for youth: A review of comparative studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731510386243
Lemley, Amy. (April 2013). Who is placed in supervised independent living placements (SILP)? Retrieved from http://jose design.com/jbf/cafosteringconnections/images/Who_is_in_the_Supervised_Independent_Living_Placements_4-23-13.pdf.
MacIntosh, H. B., Cloitre, M., Kortis, K., Peck, A., & Weiss, B. J. (2018). Implementation and evaluation of the skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation (STAIR) in a community setting in the context of childhood sexual abuse. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(5), 595-602.
McCrae, J. S., Lee, B. R., Barth, R. P., & Rauktis, M. E. (2010). Comparing three years of well-being outcomes for youth in group care and nonkinship foster care. Child Welfare, 89(2), 229-249.
McMullen, J., O
Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S., Kane, J. C., Mayeya, J., Dorsey, S., Cohen, J. A.,Michalopoulos, L. M., lmasiku, M., & Bolton, P. A. (2015). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of American Medical Association Pediatrics, 169 (8):761
National Kids Count. (2017). Children in Foster Care by Placement Type. Retrieved from http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/Tables/6247-children-in-foster-care-by-placementtype?loc=1&loct=1#detailed/1/any/false/36/2623,2620,2622,2625,2624,2626,621/12994,12995.
National Working Group on Foster Care and Education. (July 2014). Fostering Success in Education: National Factsheet on the Educational Outcomes of Children in Foster Care. Retrieved from http://cdn.fc2success.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/National-Fact-Sheet-on-the-Educational-Outcomes-of-Children-in-Foster-Care-Jan-2014.pdf
National Youth Advocate Program. (2015) Levels of Foster Care. Retrieved from http://www.nyap.org/foster-care/4576110140
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2002). Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation for Adolescents (STAIR-A). Retrieved from http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/trauma_focused_interventions_youth_jjsys.pdf.
Ngo, V., Langley, A., Kataoka, S. H., Nadeem, E., Escudero, P., & Stein, B. D. (2008).Providing evidence based practice to ethnically diverse youth: Examples from the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) program. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 858.
O'Callaghan, P., McMullen, J., Shannon, C., Rafferty, H., & Block, A. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of trauma focused cognitive therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,52(4), 539
Opmeer, H., Kuiper, C., Swaab, J. T., & Scholte, E. M. (2016). Characteristics of children in foster care, family-style group care, and residential care: A scoping review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 15.
Peace Education Foundation (2002). Peacemaking skills in little kids. Retrieved from http://www.peaceeducation.org/.
Pecora, P. J., Kessler, R. C., O'Brien, K., White, C. R., Williams, J., Hiripi, E., ... & Herrick, M.A. (2006). Educational and employment outcomes of adults formerly placed in foster care: Results from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study. Children and youth services review, 28(12), 1459-1481.
Pickens, J. (2009). Socio-emotional training promotes positive behavior in preschoolers. Child Care in Practice, Peace Education Foundation, 1
Robst, J., Armstrong, M., & Dollard, N. (2011). Comparing outcomes for youth served in treatment foster care and treatment group care. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(5), 696-705.
Rohlf, H., Krah
School Social Work Association of America. (2012). School Social Work Services. Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.sswaa.org/resource/resmgr/SSW/School_Social_Work_Services_.pdf
Skiba, R., Simmons, A., Ritter, S., Kohler, K., Henderson, M., & Wu, T. (2006). The context of minority disproportionality: Practitioner perspectives on special education referral. Teachers College Record, 108(7), 1424.
Stone, M. California Department of Social Services. (2015). AB 403: Foster Youth: Continuum of Care Reform. Retrieved from: http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/entres/pdf/AB403_FactSheet.pdf.
Trappler, B., & Newville, H. (2007). Trauma healing via cognitive behavior therapy in chronically hospitalized patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 78(4), 317
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for
Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau (2017). The AFCARS Report #25. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb
van Vliet, N. I., Huntjens, R. J., van Dijk, M. K., & de Jongh, A. (2018). Phase-based treatment versus immediate trauma-focused treatment in patients with childhood trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), 138.
Wang, M. T., & Fredricks, J. A. (2014). The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence. Child development, 85(2), 722-737.
Wiegmann, W., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Barrat, V. X., Magruder, J., & Needell, B. (2014). The invisible achievement gap: How the foster care experiences of California public school students are associated with their educational outcomes.
Youth Law Center. (July 2015). State Policies on Non-Family Foster Care Settings. Retrieved from http://www.ylc.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/State%20Policies%20on%20Non-Family%20Foster%20Care%20Settings%20(July%202015).pdf.
Zetlin, A., Weinberg, L., & Kimm, C. (2004). Improving education outcomes for children in foster care: Intervention by an education liaison. Journal of Education for Students placed at Risk, 9(4), 421-429.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a